What does "crowning" refer to in childbirth?

Crowning refers to the stage in childbirth when the baby's head becomes visible at the vaginal opening during delivery. This moment is significant as it indicates that the baby's head is in the final stages of descent, and delivery is imminent. During this phase, the largest part of the baby's body, which is the head, is beginning to exit the birth canal.

Crowning is a critical point in labor, as it often elicits a strong emotional response from both the mother and the birth team, knowing that the end of labor is approaching. It is also a moment where careful monitoring is essential; healthcare providers may need to assist the mother in controlling her pushing to prevent tears or other complications.

The other options, while related to childbirth, describe different phenomena. The full delivery of the baby involves more than just the crowning phase, while the breaking of the membranes refers to the loss of amniotic fluid, which can occur at various points during labor. The expulsion of the placenta happens after the baby is delivered and is distinct from the process of crowning.